What is a potential consequence of untreated hard water?

Untreated hard water contains high concentrations of minerals, primarily calcium and magnesium. When this type of water is used in plumbing systems and appliances, these minerals can precipitate out of solution, leading to the formation of scale and mineral deposits within pipes, heaters, and fixtures. Over time, this build-up can restrict water flow, reduce the efficiency of heating elements, and cause significant damage to plumbing systems, which often results in costly repairs or replacements.

In contrast, other options do not align with the characteristics of untreated hard water. For instance, improved taste suggests a favorable change in flavor, which typically does not occur with hard water; in fact, some individuals may find hard water less palatable due to its mineral content. Enhanced disinfection refers to the ability of water to remove pathogens, which can be affected negatively by hard water due to mineral interference rather than enhanced by it. Lastly, reduction in alkaline levels does not directly relate to the consequences of hard water, as hard water is usually more alkaline than soft water due to the dissolved minerals present.